Theory Nat

(*  Title:      ZF/Nat.thy
    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
    Copyright   1994  University of Cambridge
*)

section‹The Natural numbers As a Least Fixed Point›

theory Nat imports OrdQuant Bool begin

definition
  nat :: i  where
    "nat == lfp(Inf, %X. {0} ∪ {succ(i). i ∈ X})"

definition
  quasinat :: "i => o"  where
    "quasinat(n) == n=0 | (∃m. n = succ(m))"

definition
  (*Has an unconditional succ case, which is used in "recursor" below.*)
  nat_case :: "[i, i=>i, i]=>i"  where
    "nat_case(a,b,k) == THE y. k=0 & y=a | (∃x. k=succ(x) & y=b(x))"

definition
  nat_rec :: "[i, i, [i,i]=>i]=>i"  where
    "nat_rec(k,a,b) ==
          wfrec(Memrel(nat), k, %n f. nat_case(a, %m. b(m, f`m), n))"

  (*Internalized relations on the naturals*)

definition
  Le :: i  where
    "Le == {<x,y>:nat*nat. x ≤ y}"

definition
  Lt :: i  where
    "Lt == {<x, y>:nat*nat. x < y}"

definition
  Ge :: i  where
    "Ge == {<x,y>:nat*nat. y ≤ x}"

definition
  Gt :: i  where
    "Gt == {<x,y>:nat*nat. y < x}"

definition
  greater_than :: "i=>i"  where
    "greater_than(n) == {i ∈ nat. n < i}"

text‹No need for a less-than operator: a natural number is its list of
predecessors!›


lemma nat_bnd_mono: "bnd_mono(Inf, %X. {0} ∪ {succ(i). i ∈ X})"
apply (rule bnd_monoI)
apply (cut_tac infinity, blast, blast)
done

(* @{term"nat = {0} ∪ {succ(x). x ∈ nat}"} *)
lemmas nat_unfold = nat_bnd_mono [THEN nat_def [THEN def_lfp_unfold]]

(** Type checking of 0 and successor **)

lemma nat_0I [iff,TC]: "0 ∈ nat"
apply (subst nat_unfold)
apply (rule singletonI [THEN UnI1])
done

lemma nat_succI [intro!,TC]: "n ∈ nat ==> succ(n) ∈ nat"
apply (subst nat_unfold)
apply (erule RepFunI [THEN UnI2])
done

lemma nat_1I [iff,TC]: "1 ∈ nat"
by (rule nat_0I [THEN nat_succI])

lemma nat_2I [iff,TC]: "2 ∈ nat"
by (rule nat_1I [THEN nat_succI])

lemma bool_subset_nat: "bool ⊆ nat"
by (blast elim!: boolE)

lemmas bool_into_nat = bool_subset_nat [THEN subsetD]


subsection‹Injectivity Properties and Induction›

(*Mathematical induction*)
lemma nat_induct [case_names 0 succ, induct set: nat]:
    "[| n ∈ nat;  P(0);  !!x. [| x ∈ nat;  P(x) |] ==> P(succ(x)) |] ==> P(n)"
by (erule def_induct [OF nat_def nat_bnd_mono], blast)

lemma natE:
 assumes "n ∈ nat"
 obtains ("0") "n=0" | (succ) x where "x ∈ nat" "n=succ(x)"
using assms
by (rule nat_unfold [THEN equalityD1, THEN subsetD, THEN UnE]) auto

lemma nat_into_Ord [simp]: "n ∈ nat ==> Ord(n)"
by (erule nat_induct, auto)

(* @{term"i ∈ nat ==> 0 ≤ i"}; same thing as @{term"0<succ(i)"}  *)
lemmas nat_0_le = nat_into_Ord [THEN Ord_0_le]

(* @{term"i ∈ nat ==> i ≤ i"}; same thing as @{term"i<succ(i)"}  *)
lemmas nat_le_refl = nat_into_Ord [THEN le_refl]

lemma Ord_nat [iff]: "Ord(nat)"
apply (rule OrdI)
apply (erule_tac [2] nat_into_Ord [THEN Ord_is_Transset])
apply (unfold Transset_def)
apply (rule ballI)
apply (erule nat_induct, auto)
done

lemma Limit_nat [iff]: "Limit(nat)"
apply (unfold Limit_def)
apply (safe intro!: ltI Ord_nat)
apply (erule ltD)
done

lemma naturals_not_limit: "a ∈ nat ==> ~ Limit(a)"
by (induct a rule: nat_induct, auto)

lemma succ_natD: "succ(i): nat ==> i ∈ nat"
by (rule Ord_trans [OF succI1], auto)

lemma nat_succ_iff [iff]: "succ(n): nat ⟷ n ∈ nat"
by (blast dest!: succ_natD)

lemma nat_le_Limit: "Limit(i) ==> nat ≤ i"
apply (rule subset_imp_le)
apply (simp_all add: Limit_is_Ord)
apply (rule subsetI)
apply (erule nat_induct)
 apply (erule Limit_has_0 [THEN ltD])
apply (blast intro: Limit_has_succ [THEN ltD] ltI Limit_is_Ord)
done

(* [| succ(i): k;  k ∈ nat |] ==> i ∈ k *)
lemmas succ_in_naturalD = Ord_trans [OF succI1 _ nat_into_Ord]

lemma lt_nat_in_nat: "[| m<n;  n ∈ nat |] ==> m ∈ nat"
apply (erule ltE)
apply (erule Ord_trans, assumption, simp)
done

lemma le_in_nat: "[| m ≤ n; n ∈ nat |] ==> m ∈ nat"
by (blast dest!: lt_nat_in_nat)


subsection‹Variations on Mathematical Induction›

(*complete induction*)

lemmas complete_induct = Ord_induct [OF _ Ord_nat, case_names less, consumes 1]

lemmas complete_induct_rule =
        complete_induct [rule_format, case_names less, consumes 1]


lemma nat_induct_from_lemma [rule_format]:
    "[| n ∈ nat;  m ∈ nat;
        !!x. [| x ∈ nat;  m ≤ x;  P(x) |] ==> P(succ(x)) |]
     ==> m ≤ n ⟶ P(m) ⟶ P(n)"
apply (erule nat_induct)
apply (simp_all add: distrib_simps le0_iff le_succ_iff)
done

(*Induction starting from m rather than 0*)
lemma nat_induct_from:
    "[| m ≤ n;  m ∈ nat;  n ∈ nat;
        P(m);
        !!x. [| x ∈ nat;  m ≤ x;  P(x) |] ==> P(succ(x)) |]
     ==> P(n)"
apply (blast intro: nat_induct_from_lemma)
done

(*Induction suitable for subtraction and less-than*)
lemma diff_induct [case_names 0 0_succ succ_succ, consumes 2]:
    "[| m ∈ nat;  n ∈ nat;
        !!x. x ∈ nat ==> P(x,0);
        !!y. y ∈ nat ==> P(0,succ(y));
        !!x y. [| x ∈ nat;  y ∈ nat;  P(x,y) |] ==> P(succ(x),succ(y)) |]
     ==> P(m,n)"
apply (erule_tac x = m in rev_bspec)
apply (erule nat_induct, simp)
apply (rule ballI)
apply (rename_tac i j)
apply (erule_tac n=j in nat_induct, auto)
done


(** Induction principle analogous to trancl_induct **)

lemma succ_lt_induct_lemma [rule_format]:
     "m ∈ nat ==> P(m,succ(m)) ⟶ (∀x∈nat. P(m,x) ⟶ P(m,succ(x))) ⟶
                 (∀n∈nat. m<n ⟶ P(m,n))"
apply (erule nat_induct)
 apply (intro impI, rule nat_induct [THEN ballI])
   prefer 4 apply (intro impI, rule nat_induct [THEN ballI])
apply (auto simp add: le_iff)
done

lemma succ_lt_induct:
    "[| m<n;  n ∈ nat;
        P(m,succ(m));
        !!x. [| x ∈ nat;  P(m,x) |] ==> P(m,succ(x)) |]
     ==> P(m,n)"
by (blast intro: succ_lt_induct_lemma lt_nat_in_nat)

subsection‹quasinat: to allow a case-split rule for \<^term>‹nat_case››

text‹True if the argument is zero or any successor›
lemma [iff]: "quasinat(0)"
by (simp add: quasinat_def)

lemma [iff]: "quasinat(succ(x))"
by (simp add: quasinat_def)

lemma nat_imp_quasinat: "n ∈ nat ==> quasinat(n)"
by (erule natE, simp_all)

lemma non_nat_case: "~ quasinat(x) ==> nat_case(a,b,x) = 0"
by (simp add: quasinat_def nat_case_def)

lemma nat_cases_disj: "k=0 | (∃y. k = succ(y)) | ~ quasinat(k)"
apply (case_tac "k=0", simp)
apply (case_tac "∃m. k = succ(m)")
apply (simp_all add: quasinat_def)
done

lemma nat_cases:
     "[|k=0 ==> P;  !!y. k = succ(y) ==> P; ~ quasinat(k) ==> P|] ==> P"
by (insert nat_cases_disj [of k], blast)

(** nat_case **)

lemma nat_case_0 [simp]: "nat_case(a,b,0) = a"
by (simp add: nat_case_def)

lemma nat_case_succ [simp]: "nat_case(a,b,succ(n)) = b(n)"
by (simp add: nat_case_def)

lemma nat_case_type [TC]:
    "[| n ∈ nat;  a ∈ C(0);  !!m. m ∈ nat ==> b(m): C(succ(m)) |]
     ==> nat_case(a,b,n) ∈ C(n)"
by (erule nat_induct, auto)

lemma split_nat_case:
  "P(nat_case(a,b,k)) ⟷
   ((k=0 ⟶ P(a)) & (∀x. k=succ(x) ⟶ P(b(x))) & (~ quasinat(k) ⟶ P(0)))"
apply (rule nat_cases [of k])
apply (auto simp add: non_nat_case)
done


subsection‹Recursion on the Natural Numbers›

(** nat_rec is used to define eclose and transrec, then becomes obsolete.
    The operator rec, from arith.thy, has fewer typing conditions **)

lemma nat_rec_0: "nat_rec(0,a,b) = a"
apply (rule nat_rec_def [THEN def_wfrec, THEN trans])
 apply (rule wf_Memrel)
apply (rule nat_case_0)
done

lemma nat_rec_succ: "m ∈ nat ==> nat_rec(succ(m),a,b) = b(m, nat_rec(m,a,b))"
apply (rule nat_rec_def [THEN def_wfrec, THEN trans])
 apply (rule wf_Memrel)
apply (simp add: vimage_singleton_iff)
done

(** The union of two natural numbers is a natural number -- their maximum **)

lemma Un_nat_type [TC]: "[| i ∈ nat; j ∈ nat |] ==> i ∪ j ∈ nat"
apply (rule Un_least_lt [THEN ltD])
apply (simp_all add: lt_def)
done

lemma Int_nat_type [TC]: "[| i ∈ nat; j ∈ nat |] ==> i ∩ j ∈ nat"
apply (rule Int_greatest_lt [THEN ltD])
apply (simp_all add: lt_def)
done

(*needed to simplify unions over nat*)
lemma nat_nonempty [simp]: "nat ≠ 0"
by blast

text‹A natural number is the set of its predecessors›
lemma nat_eq_Collect_lt: "i ∈ nat ==> {j∈nat. j<i} = i"
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (blast dest: ltD)
apply (auto simp add: Ord_mem_iff_lt)
apply (blast intro: lt_trans)
done

lemma Le_iff [iff]: "<x,y> ∈ Le ⟷ x ≤ y & x ∈ nat & y ∈ nat"
by (force simp add: Le_def)

end